Market Structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Market Structure - Essay Example Conversation of the market structures Perfect market rivalry In immaculate market rivalry, business analysts discuss that there are numerous organizations, value takers, and the quantity of providers will in general be equivalent to the quantity of providers in the market. The explanation of its event is the belief system that enlightening purchasers and venders manage homogeneous items (Stackelberg, et al 2011). Restraining infrastructure showcase structure The structure prompts the mastery of the market by one maker of a specific item whose utility serves the requirements of a general gathering of demographic subsequently; the business substance controls the gracefully and valuing utilities and purchasers rest to no commitment other than making buys at various costs per unit of utilization (Oner, 2013). Monopolistic rivalry The circumstance happens when there are numerous organizations in advertise contending to showcase their items yet frequently vary as they produce various sorts of items. The opportunity of section and leave settles upon the purchasers and dealers and they clearly need data subsequently they live in a defectively serious market (Heywood, 2006). Duopoly showcase structure The coming of duopoly in a market happens within the sight of two firms that are related and clearly connive in their offer to execute their projects. There is a chance of limited strategies to showcase participants. The organizations additionally limit each other trying to exceed expectations gainful through value administration. Oligopoly showcase structure This market structure presents fluctuated qualities since the current firms frequently contend with one another in spite of the way that they show a further extent of reliance. There exists the attribute of non-value rivalry and a frequently probability of plot among the organizations. There are boundaries forced to the new market participants (Oner, 2013). The Californian market structure The business sectors present distinctive possession structures with some portraying even while others delineate vertical structures. Exploration finds out that power creation utilities in Californian markets are approved by the administration to deliver basically on cost-based methodologies as opposed to administrative methodologies (Stackelberg, et al 2011). In any case, the dispersion of intensity through transmission rests managed by the specialists subsequently guaranteeing likened flexibly to fulfill the current need as opposed to leaving the order to the makers who may mean to convey to shoppers who will in general posture higher negligible utilizations over local purchasers. Apparently, the Californian market structure in the power area is by all accounts an imposing business model just as a duopoly in that after creation of the force by separated utilities limits the section of new firms. Further, the circumstance prompts the specification of costs in agreement to the desire of the makers be that as it may, the arrangement of duopoly moves to oligopoly as the force delivering utilities try to increase bountiful advantages while the specialists control them from getting to the buyers. Further, monopolistic rivalry wins in the vitality segment of California since the organizations vary underway of vitality from coal, hydropower utilities, and atomic force creation systems (Bushnell, Mansur, and Saravia, 2004). Impacts of high passage

Vignette 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Vignette 1 - Essay Example This program will be an obligatory for all understudies in Mr Smith’s general science class which will be engaged at improving their relational abilities. The proposed arrangement will spin around one fundamental angle which will be to measure the students’ relational abilities and furthermore to get their perspectives with respect to why they act lethargic in the class in order to reason on what is the best advance on improving the understudy educator relationship. All together for the chose instructional training project to be executed adequately, there is have to guarantee that pioneers assume a huge job in choosing mentors that are all around prepared, building up an all around organized training system and furthermore ensuring that the understudy execution levels will be met(Glickman, Gordon and Ross Gordon, 2010). Along with Mr Smith, will produce a legitimate determination and rules for the whole instructional training program. This will empower the program to begin with a very much centered objective around improving the region of concern which is the insignificant degree of the understudy educator relationship. With respect to the self-appraisal procedure of management, Mr Smith will begin the procedure by consistently reflecting and self-breaking down his encouraging exhibition just as consolidating oversight methodologies. The techniques to be utilized will include an examination of Mr Smith’s recorded guidance, peer perception , investigation of the understudies learning, usage of the expert objectives and cooperation in different self-evaluation exercises. To start the self-appraisal procedure of management there is have to viably utilize the instructing abilities stock and instrument. There are a great deal of components that are associated with the instructing ability stock instrument. Such factors spin around the consolidation of relational abilities and the applicable assets. Subsequently, this progression will be directed up

Coca-Cola and Innovation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coca-Cola and Innovation - Essay Example Coke is giving more underline to feasible turn of events and they are doing everything conceivable to protect the earth in which it works. As per Jeff Seabright, The Coca-Cola Company's VP of condition and water assets, â€Å"sustainability starts with the basic demonstration of focusing. You can't oversee what you can't measure(Making Sustainability the Real Thing). This paper quickly investigations the advancement at Coca Cola which helped them to keep up their top spot unchallenged for a more extended period. In May, 1886, Coca Cola was concocted by Doctor John Pemberton a drug specialist from Atlanta, Georgia. John Pemberton composed the Coca Cola recipe in a three legged metal pot in his terrace. The name was a recommendation given by John Pemberton's accountant Frank Robinson†. On April 23, 1985, the competitive advantage New Coke equation was discharged. Today, results of the Coca Cola Company are devoured at the pace of more than one billion beverages for every day (Be llis) Today, Coca Cola is the biggest non-mixed drink organization on the planet. It has in excess of 300 overall packaging accomplices at present which are cooperating with Coca-Cola to guarantee achievement. Coke’s trademark is perceived by over 94% of the world’s populace at present. ... ked its representatives â€Å"to consider what sort of development would be conceivable in a market, and to make sense of how to thump down the obstructions to accomplish that development as opposed to defining objectives in the customary style† (Strategic Leadership at Coca Cola: The Real Thing, p.6). â€Å"Ivester was known to be a CEO who spoke with individuals at all levels and disregarded hierarchy† (Strategic Leadership at Coca Cola: The Real Thing, p.7). Ivestor attempted to lessen the hole between top administration and customary specialists. He has understood that getting typical specialists far from dynamic procedure may unfavorably influence the interests of the organization and he began to acknowledge recommendations and sentiments from the representatives even at the lower levels. This inventive technique in the executives carried profits to the association. Coca Cola workers began to feel greater genuineness towards their organization and they began to obs erve Coke as their own organization. The expanded reliability of the laborers towards the organization brought about expanded profitability. Dumb, the replacement of Ivestor likewise contributed vigorously to the advancement of Coke organization. â€Å"Whereas Ivester’s mantra had been Think worldwide - act neighborhood, Daft’s vision inclined more toward Think nearby - act local† (Strategic Leadership at Coca Cola: The Real Thing, p.10). Dumb understood the significance of limitation of business more than Ivestor. Ivestor has attempted to actualize interesting business methodologies everywhere throughout the world since he believed that equivalent item needs same showcasing techniques all over the place. In any case, Daft perceived the necessities of various promoting procedures across various societies or nations. He attempted to actualize distinctive business methodologies for each market, as opposed to attempting to execute a one of a kind business methodolo gy everywhere throughout the world.

Where Do You See Yourself In Five Years Research Assignment - 550 Words

Where Do You See Yourself In Five Years And Other Interview Questions (Essay Sample) Content: Interview QuestionsNameInstitutional AffiliationEvery organization always seeks to recruit the right candidate for a particular job. For this reason, attention has to be given in detail to every aspect of the recruitment process. Interviews are one of the methods used by human resources to find the right candidate for a job by asking questions and answers are given. Awkward questions are often asked so as to get rid of applicants and remain with the best of them all. These types of questions often range from where do you see yourself in five years  to tell us more about yourself.  Most of these questions are not normally asked to gauge ones abilities but to determine if your answers are in accordance with the organizations goals and objectives.Most interviewees when asked where they see themselves in five years always think it is an easy question but in real sense it is a question which most people get wrong. This type of question requires one to bear the job in mind because the answer they provide will gauge how much they want the position. The employer will be able to see that they are not actually going to waste their time and finance to train the prospective worker. Employees should be like an investment in form of an asset but not a liability. They should be enthusiastic, smart and know what they are talking about when they project where they expect to be in five years.Employees should always be practical when answering this question. One should not overestimate where they expect to be in future. Consideration should be taken on how one might sprout and develop within the organization in relation to its long term goals and objectives. A careful study should be done on the organization to determine how the other employees have struggled to reach where they are. Any unavailable information should always be sought during the interview. Any funny answers should be avoided because the purpose of the interview is to find whatever reasons to eliminate you. Seriousness and interest should be shown throughout the interview.Another key important thing to note is to avoid making up positions that do not exist. For instance, one might say they want to be system analysts in the company when actually in real sense the position doesnt exist in the organization. The answers should be divided into two parts where the first one focuses on the specific job you are applying for and how interested you are about it. The final part should express all your future self-expectations and what you want to fulfill within that time. Do a lot of research so that you know what you are talking about when you predict where you expect to be in five years.In conclusion, almost all questions asked during i...

What Causes Conflict Between Team Members And...

In any business it is inevitable that employees will be working in teams. A work team is defined as an organized group, committed to the individuals within the group, whose members share the same intent of accomplishing a common goal. Businesses use teams because they can often achieve more than individuals, they can support each other, they can bounce ideas off each other, and they can creatively brainstorm together. Despite the recognizable proficiency of the use of teams in business, there is also an increase in the likelihood of conflict occurring due to the presence of overall differences among members of the team. What causes these differences, and how can they be managed and used to the company’s advantage? There are many factors to consider when determining what causes conflict between team members including communication, structure and personal issues. Communication factors are often the primary source of disagreement among individuals. Misunderstanding of infor mation, differences in interpretation and perception, cultural differences and poor listening can all contribute to information being poorly communicated and causing frustration among team members. Structural factors, such as the background of the team members, infrastructure, participation levels and size of team can also play a big role in causing conflict. In smaller groups, something like majority rule will not work. Employees participating and committing to a final decision will avoid conflictShow MoreRelated Communication Theory Essay examples996 Words   |  4 PagesCommunication Theory â€Å"Communication encompasses a great deal of human (and) animal activity, reading, writing, listening, speaking and viewing images, are all acts of communication† (Croft, 2004, p. 1) . 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Suffering and Death in Africa Essay - 913 Words

In Africa, it is a known fact that many people are suffering from a variety of diseases. Currently, the most common diseases is HIVs/AIDs, which is especially a problem in South-Africa. Almost 68 percent of the people suffering from diseases have HIVs/AIDs. It was recorded that out of 58.03 million people who died globally in 2005, 10.9 million were from Africa. And also that almost 50% the population in Africa lack of access to essential medicines, meaning that people are suffering and dying from the simple lack of materials. While more than 70 percent of HIV infection worldwide is through heterosexual sex, in sub-Saharan Africa the percentage is higher (Jackson 2002). Another way that HIV is transmitted is HIV-infected mother to her†¦show more content†¦But ARVs drugs don’t prevent infection or cure the virus. But they do, however, put a stop to life cycle of the virus, preventing its reproduction and its life cycle. ARVs can reduce the patients viral load to undete ctable levels. But ARVs were unaffordable in Africa until 2001 when an Indian drug company, Cipla, offered to provide a years supply for $350, one-fortieth the cost in countries such as the United States. Although the price of ARVs has fallen dramatically, only a few Africans have access to the drugs. Also not only is it the lack of transportation but also the lack of knowledge that have affected the people. With better knowledge there could be nurses and doctors helping out the people in need. And it is because of the lack of clean medical equipment’s, malnutrition, parasitic infection, poor sanitation, knowledge and lack of transportation that many people are suffering and dying each and every day. An American scientist, Peter Duesberg, stated that the HIVs/AIDS known and recognized in African are no way simile and are completely different from the HIVs/AIDS found in American and European. 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Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission

Question: Discuss about the Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Answer: Introduction It was in the year 2012, that a significant clarification of the scope of the duties of the directors of a corporation was provided by the High Court of Australia in the case of Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 (Shafron) (High Court of Australia, 2012). This was the case in which the extent of the responsibility of an individual who has been granted a position of an officer within the meaning of section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (CA). Also, it was clearly stated that an individual who has been an officer could undertake dual roles within an organization under section 9 of the Act as per the extent of responsibility which was provided in this case (Scott, 2012). So, in these kinds of cases the dual roles were not able to be departed for the objectives of examining the duty of care and diligence which was owed by the officer under section 180(1) of the Act. So, in this case, Shafron has specifically clarified what all comprises of participation in making a pronouncement for the objectives of the meaning of the word Officer which was stated in s 9(b) (i) of the CA (Sainty Law, 2012). Background and facts of the Case In August 1998, Mr. Shafron i.e. the plaintiff was appointed by Hardie as a general advocate and company secretary (CS) of the corporation. Though, until November 1998 he was not appointed by the corporation as a CS in a formal manner. In November 1999 with the plaintiff, Mr. Donald Cameron was employed as a united CS of Hardie. In February 2001, the board of directors of Hardie had a meeting in order to consider an offer to depart from the James Hardie group two corporations with major asbestos obligations. The Plaintiff was found to have been in contravention of the section 180(1) of the Act by: Failing to recommend the board of directors of Hardie, that some supplementary data in regard to the partition offer would have been revealed to the Australian Stock Exchange, and Failing to recommend the board of directors of Hardie that an actuarial statement on which the board of directors were dependent in bearing in mind the division proposal did not grant for superimposed price rise when a cautious story would have done so (Tam, 2012). Outline the duties/responsibilities breached and explain why the duties were breached. Section 180(1) of the CA, specifically states that directors of an organization must perform their authorities and fulfill their obligations with the due extent of care and diligence that a prudent individual would work out if they were: The directors or officers of an organization in the situations of an organization; and The officers who were engaged in the office which was held by at the same time had the similar tasks within the organization as, the director or officer (DApice and Curran, 2012). Duties of directors which have been defined under section 180(1) of CA connect not only to directors but to the officers in a broad manner. It was established by the Court of Appeal that the plaintiff was an officer on two different basics as; He was the CS of Hardie, and He was an individual who makes, or contributes in making pronouncements that put an impact upon the entire, or a considerable part, of the trade of the organization. On request, the plaintiff disputed that his duties while being in the position of a CS were restricted to the roles of the CS, and did not broaden to his broad counsel roles (Freeman, 2016). The Plaintiff also want to demarcate his roles while being in the position of a CS by disagreeing that they should be associated to the roles of his cooperative CS, Mr. Cameron, whose roles were chiefly managerial. It was further argued by the plaintiff that he was not an individual who contributed in making the verdict in connection to the parting offer, as it was a pronouncement for the board of directors, of which he was not a part. Lastly, the plaintiff stated that if he was a bureaucrat (on either basis), he had, in any occasion, not violated his obligations in connection both the concern relating to the ASX or the actuarial (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). It was clearly observed by the tribunal that it was significantly to be suspicious for the fact that Mr. Shafron being the director of the corporation could have implemented certain roles in a capacity of a CS and other functions like being a general counsel. There was no proof that the plaintiff has performed some tasks in one capacity and other work in another. Because the responsibilities of a specific CS in specific corporations were the matters of fact, proof of the roles of Mr. Cameron did not show that company secretarial functions of the plaintiff were correspondingly administrative (Hickey and Lam, 2015). The tribunal then measured whether, if the functions of Mr. Shafron could be separated, the division would have an effect on the result. It also renowned that section 180(1) (b) of the Act secures the degree of care and diligence by indicating to the office held and the tasks with the organization of the relevant officer (Comino, 2014). It was then that it was concluded by the tribunal that the term responsibilities which was mentioned in section 180(1) (b) have been defined as the real responsibilities of the authentic officer, not simply the statutory tasks of an individual who holds the office of CS. The findings of the Court of Appeal were at this time was agreed by the tribunals which granted a recommendation in connection to the issue of ASX which was within area of responsibility of the plaintiff. Also, the grant of such suggestion which was granted in connection to the actuarial issue was also within the area of responsibility which was imposed upon the plaintiff being in the position of the director (Wotton Kearney, 2012). Consequently, the responsibilities of Mr. Shafron by being in the position of a company secretary of Hardie were broad enough to hold up a judgment that he owed the duties of an officer in carrying out all of those responsibilities. As per the verdict which was given by the Court of Appeal of New South Wales was appealed and as per the Act the plaintiff was found to be in violation of his obligation of care and diligence by: Failing to give an opinion to the other directors on board that the draft ASX statement which was approved by the Board was deceptive; and Failing to give an opinion to the board that the information which was granted by actuarial Consultants i.e. the plaintiff had been preserved on behalf of JHIL, and This granted the foundation for a cash flow form which was measured by the board in connection to the projected reformation of JHIL, did not take into consideration the the price rises (Mire, 2014). Then the plaintiff approached the High Court and put forward his case. The basic reason of his petition was that though he established that section 180(1) of the CA although would be applicable on him as he was a CS. But the violation of section 180(1) which ASIC had suspected against him were alarmed with measures which he made in his competence as general advocate and not as an executive of JHIL. In other words it could be stated that, his function as general counsel and CS was isolatable into jobs which he embarked on as advocate, and then the responsibilities he assumed as CS. The idea which was provided and mentioned above was rejected that the plaintiff could segregate his tasks and competences. To a certain extent, it was concluded by the tribunal that the responsibilities of Mr. Shafron were inseparable and must be observed as an amalgamated completely (Norton Roseful Bright, 2012). So, in order to reach such conclusion it was specifically established that in order to settle on the range of everyday jobs of an official of a corporation, an individual must inspect all of the work which was carried out for that organization by that officer. In specific it was noted by the tribunal that: The capacity of the role of the plaintiff as a CS could not be determined simply by an evaluation to the function of his co-secretary, whose function never developed to be above merely managerial roles. The Plaintiff did not produced any proof which would have verified or suggested that he carried out certain tasks in the capacity of being a CS, while he carried out others in a different capacity of being a counsellor. The designation of general advocate and CS signified specifically that a significant part of the responsibility of the plaintiff was to take the essential ladders to make sure that JHIL have fulfilled with all pertinent lawmaking necessities. Such requirements include those that were applicable to JHIL as a listed corporation, and that this was related to the stipulation of essential recommendation (Konstantinidis, 2012). When a secured guidance from third parties was taken by the plaintiff then put that guidance before the board of directors of JHIL for its utilization, his liabilities did expanded for recognizing the restrictions of the recommendation which was provided by the third party. So, it was established and pronounced by the tribunal that the extent of care and diligence which was mentioned in section 180(1) of the Act was single-minded by observing at the situations of the organization. The section has also included the workplace and liabilities of a director within the organization that the director in subject had. Therefore, it was clearly specified by the tribunal that to what extend the director would be liable and what responsibilities he had within the organization, in spite of how or why those tasks came to be forced on the official. So, the appeal what the dismissed by the tribunal by stating that a person who was a CS with a lawful background would be predictable to raise issue relating to the probable misleading declarations which were there in revelation duties. Also, it was because of the close participation of the plaintiff in the actuary recommendation that the elevating of the restrictions of that recommendation was an accountability that fell within liability of the plaintiff while being in the position of a CS (Austin, Standen, and Reynolds, 2012). Implications The inference of the verdict which was granted in this case had no doubt been the subject of further discussion and investigation. As what was clearly observed in this case was that a CS who was also general advocate would not be able to simply divide his or her work among the capacity of being a general counsel and CS. It was done more or less, when that conduct was being questioned by the request of section 180(1) of the Act. CS with a lawful backdrop should also take into account that they have to not depend on opinion which was founded from third parties, and should make sure that the board was informed of the restrictions that instruction would have (Jacobson, 2012). Conclusion So, at the end it was concluded that the plaintiff had a far-reaching implications for those helping both as officer, within the meaning of section 9 of the CA and other functions. The verdict makes it clear that the two functions were not departed for the objective of the obligation of care and diligence necessities of the CA. The function of an officer enlarges not only to the legislative responsibilities but to the responsibilities which were essentially undertaken by the officer. So, in this case, the plaintiff could not segregate his responsibilities as the CS and as general counsel. Finally the matter reconfirmed that the standard of care in section 180(1) as integrating the actual responsibilities the officer disturbed had within the corporation not just the statutory responsibilities. And, this verdict served as another advice to those who serve on boards which were covered by the CA, that a high standard of care would be required. Similarly a prejudiced knowledge as well as dedicated responsibilities may enlarge this standard further (Boyce, 2012). References Austin, R., Standen, M., and Reynolds, C. (2012) The High Court decides the James Hardie case. [Online] Minter Ellison. Available from: https://www.minterellison.com/files/uploads/Documents/Publications/Alerts/NA_20120509_JamesHardieDecision.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2017) Role of the company secretary.[Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/cd2/resources/director-resources/director-tools/pdf/05446-6-7-duties-directors_role-company-secretary_a4_web.ashx [Accessed on 19/1/17] Boyce, L. (2012) Shafron v ASIC - general counsel, or counsel of perfection?. [Online] Dibbs Barker. Available from: https://www.dibbsbarker.com/publication/Shafron_v_ASIC_-_general_counsel__or_counsel_of_perfection.aspx [Accessed on 19/1/17] Comino, V. (2014) James Hardie And The Problems Of The Australian Civil Penalties Regime, University of New South Wales Law Journal, 37(1), 195- 207. DApice, B and Curran, C. (2012) Company officers Duty of Care obligations for those who have more than one job description. [Online] Charities Not-For-Profits Law. Available from: https://www.charitiesnfplaw.com.au/2012/07/02/duty-of-care-obligations-for-employees-who-have-more-than-one-job-description/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] Freeman, I. (2016) Shafron V Australian Securities And Investments Commission [2012] Hca 18. [Online] Lavan. Available from: https://www.lavan.com.au/advice/corporate_services/james_hardie_when_is_an_in_house_counsel_liable_as_an_officer_of_a_company [Accessed on 19/1/17] Hickey, M, and Lam, V. (2015) Jumping at shadows shadow and de facto directors. [Online] Sparke Helmore Lawyers. Available from: https://www.sparke.com.au/insights/jumping-at-shadows-shadow-and-de-facto-directors/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] High Court of Australia. (2012) Peter James Shafron V Australian Securities And Investments Commission [2012] HCA 18. [Online] High Court of Australia. Available from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2012/hcasum18_Shafron_v_ASIC.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC V Shafron: Liability Of Company Secretary (James Hardie). [Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-shafron-liability-of-company-secretary-james-hardie/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] Konstantinidis, K. (2012) In-house counsel may be exposed to prosecution, disqualification, penalty or payment of legal costs. [Online] Colin Biggers Paisley Lawyers. Available from: https://www.cbp.com.au/publications/2012/august/in-house-counsel-may-be-exposed-to-prosecution,-di [Accessed on 19/1/17] Mire, S.L. (2014) Its not Fair!: The Duty of Fairness and the Corporate Regulator, Sydney Law Review 36(445), 446. Norton Roseful Bright. (2012) The James Hardie Decisions: Australian Securities Investments Commission v Hellicar Ors [2012] HCA17; Shafron v Australian Securities Investments Commission [2012] HCA 18 [Online] Norton Roseful Bright. Available from: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/66582/the-james-hardie-decisions-australian-securities-investments-commission-v-hellicar-ors-hca17-shaf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Sainty Law. (2012) Shafron v ASIC: take-aways for General Counsel. [Online] Sainty Law. Available from: https://www.saintylaw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Shafron-Vs-ASIC-takeaway-August-2012.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Scott, P. D. (2012) Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 , University of Tasmania Law Review 31(2) 155. Tam, K. (2012) The sting for General Counsel in the James Hardie decisions - Shafron v ASIC and ASIC v Hellicar. [Online] Hunt Hunt Lawyers. Available from: https://www.hunthunt.com.au/SiteMedia/w3svc1265/Uploads/Documents/Shafron%20decisionMay2012.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Wotton Kearney. (2012) High Court Rules James Hardie Directors Approved Misleading Asx Release. [Online] Wotton Kearney. Available from: https://www.wottonkearney.com.au/downloads/case%20note%20-%20james%20hardie%20directors%20approved%20for%20misleading%20asx%20release.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17]

Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry

Introduction This report provides credible information pertaining to customer satisfaction that remains a key element that institutions with strong performance orientation should uphold. This is important since customers are major stakeholders who define the level of performance in terms of product turnover and profitability in various institutions. Their role is critical in ensuring the achievement of institutional objectives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As contained in the report, corporations are currently refocusing their potential in producing quality services and products with an aim of meeting the varying needs of consumers. Indeed, institutions are developing viable operating strategies to foster customer attraction and retention. This is evident in various sectors especially in the hotel industry th at is characterized by stiff competition. Institutions that operate in the sector emphasize on customer satisfaction as a competitive strategy. Customer satisfaction in hotels and restaurants As indicated by Hill Jim (279), customer satisfaction is a key performance driver in the hospitality industry. This explains why most institutions that provide hotel or restaurant services are focusing on providing quality services to consumers. They are keen to providing customized services to consumers in an efficient and timely manner. This helps in attracting and retaining consumers in the sector that has been facing serious challenges that have resulted into stiff competition (Hill Jim 279). Operators in the industry cite hygiene, affordability, quality of service delivery, aromatic meals and variety of food items as influential elements that affect decision making of consumers. They assert that any institution that seeks to record success in the industry must perform credible research t o ascertain customer needs and provide quality services that match the needs with limited complications. Firstly, they must ensure that services are provided under absolute hygiene conditions to guarantee health safety of consumers. That is food items must be prepared under high level of hygiene conditions and in a clean environment. This is essential in preventing attraction of various diseases by customers due to poor health standards. Quality service delivery is also a fundamental element that drives performance in the hotel industry. Hotels and restaurants should ensure that all aspects of quality that entail timely service delivery, excellent product packaging and taste of food are administered effectively (Hill Jim 279). This should be done to guarantee customer satisfaction by ensuring prompt service delivery. Consequently, affordability of food stuff is essential for consumers. This is evident since consumers require quality service delivery at an affordable cost. The cost should be favorable to ensure that consumers are served effectively irrespective of their economic status.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As noted by Novikova (1) achieving high level of performance in the hotel industry is dependent on how well an institution manages its operations. For instance, institutions should provide quality products that are tailor made to meet consumer needs under innovative ideals. They should also adopt conventional operating techniques that foster creativity and effective communication. This explains why innovation, creativity and effective communication are key elements that are crucial in ensuring timely, fair and quality service delivery in the sector. Evidently, gaining competitiveness in hotel industry requires immense creativity. This is vital in facilitating the development of favorable food menu, prices and quality food content that me et consumer expectations (Novikova 3). Conclusion It is imperative to conclude that the provision of satisfactory services to customers in hotel industry requires adherence to consumer needs. This is vital in ensuring the provision of timely services, affordable, quality, well packaged and prepared food items that guarantee consumers’ high value. Works Cited Hill, Nigel Jim, Alexander.  The Handbook of Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty  Measurement. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower, 2006. Print. Novikova, Ksenia.  A Study of Customer Satisfaction Factors and Employee Satisfaction  in the Hospitality Industry. London: Gower, 2009. Print. This report on Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry was written and submitted by user Carlee U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Many companies, nowadays, used many different Ideas to sell and make business. Some companies accomplished their goals by using mass media to advertised commercial and some failed to accomplished their goals because their advertisements was not attractive enough. As for Subways commercial, they used an athlete, Michael Phelps, to build up their product and business. The commercial was well delivered on community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon because the establishment in the commercial influenced people who suspected and loved to be like Michael Phelps wanted to buy Subways products. Michael Phelps Subway commercial expressed community false causes, because they know what they were supposed to state and what would made people who buy their product believe in it. For example, In the commercial they said that to be like Michael Phelps, people have to eat Subway. In the commercial they had Phelps swim In the pool. As In this commercial they used Michael Phelps as ethos, since he Is a well-known athletic and very popular. That would helped Subway made ore customers and business. Moreover, the advertisement used a strong vocal In which it gave the viewers supports and hopes. For example, a strong voice that the audience can connected to or felt it mentally without saying a phrase to them like you can be something you wanted to be by eating Subway! or you can be like your idol if you eat Subway! Subway did a great Job on their commercial on given a false cause that made people think that it might be true and wanted to engage deeply with it. In addition, Subway made the commercial as an appeal to emotion because they dad the advertisement targeted on the parents. The commercial targeted the parent by saying that if they wanted to be a good parent, they have to buy their kids Subway. The commercial used Michael Phelps mother as a good parent who loved and made her kids being success by eating at Subway. That showed pathos because It made the parents felt bad and wanted to buy their kids subway. As a result, Subway made its commercial targeted the parents which was a very successful idea, because every parent wanted their kids to be successful like Michael Phelps. The immemorial also showed a bandwagon fallacy, because Michael Phelps stated that eating Subway has athlete everywhere. By stating athlete everywhere created a bandwagon fallacy because the commercial appealed to popularity and used the show as a form of validation. Also, that would affect athletes or viewer who were in the same field like Phelps. On the other hand, they were smart because they knew what they had stated were considered a fallacy but they still put it in a form of validation. In that case, things seemed like they were true and very influential. Furthermore, they played on a dynamic music when Phelps was swimming. The dramatic music would motivate the viewers when they watched the commercial, Decease It would make teen Tell Like teen were apart It t T . I mace ten announce Tell like they were in a competitive game or the champion of the year competition. In addition, they made extra sound effect in the background where the water splashed very hard, which expressed that eating Subway will make the viewers as strong and fast as Michael Phelps. At the end of the commercial they officially showed the antacid and gave information about the size of it. For example, the man said, Its a five foot long and that showed logos, because it stated the number or size of the sandwiches to the audience. Also, he told what kind of ingredients were in the sandwiches such as bacon, turkey, avocado, and extra Jalapeà ±o. They included the Phelps family in the advertisement and reported that, Subway is the official training of the Phelps family. The last background was made blue and a timing machine, which mean they wanted the audience to see that they can beat the time by eating Subway. Correspondingly, they wanted the people who watch the commercial to pay more attention to the Phelps family and the message they were giving out. Inventing a business is not simple but by using many techniques such as community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon, would attract more customers. Together with, they used pathos, ethos, and logos as the key for the companys commercials. Michael Phelps commercial made a good influence on athletes. Subway made the commercial expressed how healthy the sandwiches were and how strong people would be if they ate Subway like Michael Phelps.

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project Essay

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project - Essay Example 8% range for 30-year mortgages, possibly even higher, on or near the second quarter of 2008, so by seeing this situation we have to plan in such a way that the overall project gets a success. The basic aim of this section is to estimate the project cost for the overall project activities. I have decided to divide the project into different section and then estimate each sub task. As I have researched about this way of estimating turns out to be more effective and accurate. My basic aim is to divide the project to root level and estimate the each sub task of this project In this process of estimation I have tried to streamline each aspect of the home construction and incorporate each vital task so that the overall estimation turns out to be accurate. I have estimated the cost $ 25100. An order of magnitude estimates for this project as I have accessed is $ 26000 is approximately. Now we can apply for loan in a couple of local banks to pre-qualify us for the loan(s) we shall need for the project. Now I will present the task responsibility matrix for the overall project activities. Here I will present the main team members name and their responsibilities regarding the project activities. I have accessed these activities from the WBS. Now in this section I will present the Gantt chart of this project. I have used MS Project for this purpose. MS Project is project management tool for different project management activities. I have allocated estimated time to each project activity and ensured that each task have enough time for overall completion of that task. This house is selling for $230,000 and the land costs $30,000, then the construction cost is around $200,000. The home is 2,000 square feet, and then the cost per square foot is $100. This house has kitchen, two bed rooms, a lawn and total 5 rooms. This house is selling for $100,000 and the land costs $50,000, then the construction cost is around $150,000. The home is 5000 square feet, and then the cost per

Sicail Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sicail Media - Essay Example Easily accessible information help in the management of disasters because it alerts citizens of an impending disaster even in remote regions; hence, warn them (Foundation, 2014). For example, locals of predictable tsunami zones can access the information not only from the media houses, but also through diversified sources including the internet. Easily obtainable information is prone to theft. For example, a person may use information from other sources to benefit from it by claiming to be the publisher or editor. Management of easily accessible information is compromised by the fact that classified information cannot be passed on safely, which further give rise to the insecure nature of such information (Ugah, 2008). Immorality is mildly spread by easily accessible information because everyone can access depraved information including the under age (Schleifer, 2014). Remarkably, easily accessible information may mislead the audience because such sources are always attributed to inaccuracy of the facts surrounding an issue (Monahan, 2010). Additionally, easy information accessibility poses a huge threat to the online banking services because of possible cybercrimes leading to massive loss of money. Social media forms an important aspect of communication because it enable easy and readily available medium of communication among individuals. Additionally, it provides a forum where an individual can inform his/her family members as well as friends through mass messages on upcoming events such as weddings (Stokes, 2003). Social media forms a virtue-meeting platform where individuals from various corners of the world can share ideas. Social media platforms such as Linked In have become a valuable business tool where individuals’ stands a chance to secure a job from top managers in various companies through endorsements. Furthermore, companies leap the e of social media for effective promotion and advertisement of their products (nibusinessinfo.co.uk,

Policy of Containment Essay Example for Free

Policy of Containment Essay Americans believe that if Franklin D. Roosevelt would have lived longer, that he would have been able to stem the tide of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. His successor lacked greatly the Talent of FDR. The new president, who was more comfortable with machine politicians than with polished New Dealers, liked to talk tough and act defiantly. Truman complained that the U.S. Negotiations had been a one way street just ten days after he took office. He then vowed to not baby the Soviet no longer. A crisis in the Mediterranean prompted President Truman to show his colors. On February 21, 1947, amid a civil war in Greece, Great Britain informed the U.S. State Department that it could no longer afford to prop up the anti-Communist government there and announced its intention to withdraw all aid. Truman concluded, Greece, Turkey, and perhaps the entire oil-rich Middle East would fall under Soviet control, without U.S. Intervention. On March 12, 1947, the President made his argument before Congress in bold terms: At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished be free institutionsand freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority And the suppression of personal freedoms. Never mentioning the Soviet Union by name, he appealed for all-out resistance to a certain ideology wherever it appeared in the world. The preservation of peace and the freedom of all Americans depended, the president insisted, on containing communism. Congress approved a $400 million appropriation in aid for Greece and Turkey, which helped the monarchy and right-wing military crush the rebel movement. Trumans victory buoyed his popularity for the upcoming 1948 election. It also helped to generate popular support for a campaign against communism, both at home and abroad. The significance of what became known as the Truman Doctrine far outlasted  the events in the Mediterranean: the United States had declared its right to intervene to save other nations from communism. As early as February 1946, foreign-policy adviser George F. Kennan had sent an 8,000-word long telegram to the State Department insisting that Soviet fanaticism made cooperation impossible. The USSR intended to extend its realm not by military means alone, he explained, but by subversion within free nations. The Truman Doctrine described the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union as absolute and irreconcilable, as an ideological breach that resonated far beyond foreign policy. It was now the responsibility of the United States, Truman insisted to safeguard the Free World by diplomatic, economic, and, if necessary, military means. He had, in sum, fused anti communism and internationalism into an aggressive foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine complemented the European Recovery Program, commonly known as the Marshall Plan. On June 5, 1947 the plan was introduced in a commencement speech at Harvard University by secretary of state and former army chief of staff George C. Marshall. The plan sought to reduce hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos and to restore the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. Although Marshall added that our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, the plan that bore his name additionally aimed to turn back both socialist and Communist electoral bids for power in northern and western Europe while promoting democracy through an economic renewal. The most successful postwar U.S. Diplomatic venture, the Marshall Plan supplemented the Bretton Woods agreements by further improving the climate for a viable capitalist economy, in western Europe and in effect bringing recipients of aid into a bilateral agreement with the United States. Western Europe nations, seventeen in all, ratified the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which reduced commercial barriers among member nations and opened all to U.S. Trade and investment. The plan was costly to Americans, in its initial year taking 12 percent of the federal budget, but effective. Industrial production in the European nations covered by the plan rose by  200 percent between 1947 and 1952. Although deflationary programs cut wages and increased unemployment, profits soared and the standard of living improved. Supplemented by a multimedia propaganda campaign, the Marshall Plan introduced many Europeans to American consumer goods and lifestyles. The Marshall Plan drove a deeper wedge between the United States and the Soviet Union. Stalin was invited to participate but he denounced the plan for what it was, an American scheme to rebuild Germany and to incorporate it into and anti-Soviet bloc that encompassed all western Europe. The president readily acknowledged that the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were two halves of the same walnut. The policy of containment depended on the ability of the United States to back up its commitments through military means, and Truman invested his faith in the U.S. Monopoly of atomic weapons. The U.S began to build atomic stockpiles and to conduct tests on the Bikini Islands in the Pacific. By 1950, as a scientific adviser observed, the U.S. Has a stockpile capable of somewhat more than reproducing World War II in a single day. The U.S. Military analysts estimated it would take the Soviet Union three to ten years to produce an atomic bomb. In August 1949, the Soviet Union proved them wrong by testing its own atomic bomb. There is only one thing worse than one nation having the atomic bomb, Noble prize-winning scientist Harold C. Urey said, thats two nations having it. The United States and Soviet Union were now firmly locked into the Cold War. The nuclear arms race imperiled their futures, diverted their economies, and fostered fears of impending doom. Prospects for global peace had dissipated, and despite the Allied victory in World War II, the world had again divided into hostile camps.

Lee Harvey Oswald: Killer or Scapegoat? :: history

Lee Harvey Oswald: Killer or Scapegoat? On November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas, "the Crime of the Century" took place. President John F. Kennedy was shot in Dealey Plaza while touring through the city in his open-roof limousine. After the shots were fired, police began looking for suspects. One hour after the shooting, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for murdering a police officer. One hour after that he was charged with killing the President. Was Lee Harvey Oswald the real killer, or was he merely the scapegoat hired by some agency outside of the United States, to take the blame. There are a lot of known and unknown facts about this case. Many people believe that there were more people than Lee Harvey Oswald firing the shots even though the Warren Commission will deny any possibility that there was more than one assassin. The purpose of this paper is to state the facts about this case and let you decide for yourself whether or not Lee Harvey Oswald was quilty. Early in the morning, on November 22, 1963, Julia Ann Mercer was driving past the Texas School Book Depository on her way to work. Just past the Depository, about half-way from the railway overpass, she saw a green truck parked illegally on the side of the road. Because it was blocking traffic, she had to stop and wait for the other lane to clear before she could go. She noticed that there were two men in the truck. The back of the truck said "Air-conditioning. The passenger of the truck got out and pulled out of the toolbox, located on the back of the truck, what appeared to be a gun case. The many pulled the gun case out and started walking towards the grassy knoll just up the hill. As she drove on, she noticed three policemen standing a little ways down the road talking apparently not seeing the man with the gun case. Miss Mercer wrote out a full report on what she saw and gave it to the Warren Commission, however, none of it was spoken of or even mentioned in the Warren Commission's Report. There is the possibility that the gun case was empty, but the policemen should have taken more precaution considering that they know the President would be visiting the city that day. That same day, a Mr. Lee Bowers Jr., a railroad tower man for the Union Terminal Company, was on duty and had the best view of the area directly behind the fence on the grassy knoll. Lee Harvey Oswald: Killer or Scapegoat? :: history Lee Harvey Oswald: Killer or Scapegoat? On November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas, "the Crime of the Century" took place. President John F. Kennedy was shot in Dealey Plaza while touring through the city in his open-roof limousine. After the shots were fired, police began looking for suspects. One hour after the shooting, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested for murdering a police officer. One hour after that he was charged with killing the President. Was Lee Harvey Oswald the real killer, or was he merely the scapegoat hired by some agency outside of the United States, to take the blame. There are a lot of known and unknown facts about this case. Many people believe that there were more people than Lee Harvey Oswald firing the shots even though the Warren Commission will deny any possibility that there was more than one assassin. The purpose of this paper is to state the facts about this case and let you decide for yourself whether or not Lee Harvey Oswald was quilty. Early in the morning, on November 22, 1963, Julia Ann Mercer was driving past the Texas School Book Depository on her way to work. Just past the Depository, about half-way from the railway overpass, she saw a green truck parked illegally on the side of the road. Because it was blocking traffic, she had to stop and wait for the other lane to clear before she could go. She noticed that there were two men in the truck. The back of the truck said "Air-conditioning. The passenger of the truck got out and pulled out of the toolbox, located on the back of the truck, what appeared to be a gun case. The many pulled the gun case out and started walking towards the grassy knoll just up the hill. As she drove on, she noticed three policemen standing a little ways down the road talking apparently not seeing the man with the gun case. Miss Mercer wrote out a full report on what she saw and gave it to the Warren Commission, however, none of it was spoken of or even mentioned in the Warren Commission's Report. There is the possibility that the gun case was empty, but the policemen should have taken more precaution considering that they know the President would be visiting the city that day. That same day, a Mr. Lee Bowers Jr., a railroad tower man for the Union Terminal Company, was on duty and had the best view of the area directly behind the fence on the grassy knoll.

Child Observation Report

Such studies are inducted by scientists or researchers wanting to study the behavior of an organism (including humans) in a natural setting. It can be useful in collecting data that clearly reflects the constraints of an organism's normal environment and in the case where experimental techniques would be impractical or unethical. This report outlines the data collected during the sessions with each child. Will refer to Piglet's Cognitive Development Theory to demonstrate how it is useful in determining different stages of development. I will also outline my observations of both children in terms of where they fit in regards to Piglet'sCognitive Development Theory. Setting My observations were of two siblings; a four year old girl and a five year old boy. I made arrangements to do the observation through a friend of mine, who has two children under the age of six. I have known this family for three years. The first observation was of the four year old girl (M), which took place on Aug ust 19, 2014 starting at 2:23 pm outside in the backyard of their home. Present was her older brother (T – 5 years old), her mother (J), a female friend of the family (C), a medium sized German shepherd, who is the family dog (K) and myself.The backyard was quite large with a large play center with a swing set attached. The sky was a little clouded over, but it was still warm outside. The adults were sitting on the deck around the patio table. The children were told was there to do some work. They did not really pay too much attention to me. I interacted a little with the adults at the table so that I did not seem out of place to the children. My presence did not seem to affect the children at all. Sat with my chair facing the whole backyard so that I could see the children at all times.The second observation was of the five ear old boy I made arrangements with the mother to do the second observation with this child later the same week. The observation took place on August 22 , 2014 at 1:08 pm outside in the backyard of their home. This family is preparing to move in one week; therefore the backyard Was the best place to do the observation at the home. Present was his younger sister (M- 4 years old), his mother 0), a medium sized German shepherd, who is the family dog (K) and myself. The backyard was quite large with a large play center with a swing set attached.The sky was a little clouded over, but it was till warm outside. The mother and I were sitting on the deck around the patio table. The children were told I was there again to do some work. They again did not really pay too much attention to me. I interacted a little with their mother at the table so that did not seem out of place to the children. My presence did not seem to affect the children at all. Sat with my chair facing the whole backyard so that could see the children at all times. Results l. Self-concept: M pointed out that she did her hair all by herself when C arrived and M also showed C her new purse.M also shows the ability to scribe how she is feeling about her brother s actions, â€Å"l don ‘t like it when T hits me with his sword† or when she tells T, â€Å"I want to be alone right now†. . Gross Motor Skills: M demonstrated gross motor skills indicative off normal 4 year old. During the time of observation she displayed running around the backyard both with her brother and with the family dog, walking over to the play center, climbing over the chair on the deck, somersaults in the grass and jumping off the chair and off the family friend's lap. Ill. Fine Motor Skills: M demonstrated normal fine motor skills.She cut open her fruit knack package with scissors without difficulty. She put on her own shoes (fastened believer) on the correct feet before going outside to play. IV. Vocal & Language Development: M demonstrated the ability to form sentences more than 4 to 6 words. For example; â€Å"l told you I want to be alone†. She showed the ability to ask ‘Why ‘ questions. She shows an understanding of prepositions when her mother told her that her purse was behind her. She does, however have some grammatical difficulties and people other than her family do have difficulty deciphering what she is saying at times.According to ere mother she has been seen by a Speech & Language Pathologist and will be working with them on her speech. V. Social & Emotional Development: M showed a lot of interest in playing with her brother; however was also fine playing with the family dog as well. She appeared to really enjoy the imaginative play with her brother while playing the sword fight; however did upset easily if the game was not going her way and did change the rules quite a bit to her brother's dismay. She was quite distracted by the family dog and tended to her a lot.She displayed some difficulty with moral reasoning on he swing set when she was calling her brother a â€Å"party pants† repeatedly until h e got upset. When her brother kept getting in trouble instead of her she did not seem to be aware of his feelings when he was upset, instead she kept antagonizing him. VI. Cognitive Development: M understands the concept of grouping and matching as displayed when she was helping her mother with the puzzle and when taking items out of her purse. She also showed the ability to count from 1 to 10 when she was taking the items out of her purse.She showed the ability to identify secondary colors when showing the family friend her new â€Å"pink† purse. She was able to answer simple questions. She was also able to identify common objects and what they are used for; for example the family dogs ball, scissors, hat. Results (Child T) l. Gross Motor Skills: T demonstrated gross motor skills indicative of a normal 5 year old. During the time of observation he displayed running around the backyard, skipping, jumping, walking on just his hands, doing handstands, and hanging on the bars up side down on the play centre.II. Fine Motor Skills: T demonstrated normal fine motor skills. He put on his own shoes (fastened by velour) on the correct feet before going outside to play. He was able to use scissors to open his sour patch kids, which was his snack that afternoon. Ill. Vocal & Language Development: T demonstrated the ability to form sentences more than 4 to 6 words. For example; â€Å"I'm goanna throw it really high†, â€Å"There is a wasp in your ear, Can I have friends over later†? He demonstrated the ability to ask â€Å"why† questions. He does not have any speech or grammatical difficulties.He appears to have met all of his developmental milestones for his age. VII. Social & Emotional Development: It is quite apparent that T really enjoys imaginative play and is able to accomplish this either with others or by himself. He did not partake in any imaginative play with his sister this time; however did do some imaginative play on his own pretend ing to be a gymnast who was displaying his talents for a crowd, as he bowed for people when he completed a stunt on the bars or completed a handstand. He also engaged in imaginative play with the family dog pretending she was his dragon.He also is able to talk quietly to himself while playing on his own, but does not seem to be talking to a third person or imaginary friend. VIII. Cognitive Development: T understands the concept of grouping and matching as displayed when he was putting all the same lord sour patch kids together and separating them. He also noted which ones had less in each group than the others. He let those for last. He demonstrated the ability to count from 1 to 10 and demonstrated the ability to identify primary colors. He was able to answer simple questions.He was also able to identify common objects and what they are used for; for example the family dogs ball and scissors. Discussion: Integration of behavior with theory According to Piglet's Cognitive Developmen t Theory (Beer, 201 0, p. 31 8), both children are in the operational stage (2-7), and they behave normally. They are classified as operational children, because the definition of the operational stage is as follows; ages between 2-7, preschool children use symbols to represent their early sentiments discoveries.The development of language and make-believe play takes place; however, thinking lacks the logic of the two remaining stages. T is a very active child. He has been in pre kindergarten over the last year and has been very socialized between school, extra-curricular activities, playground and playmates with friends. He is on a soccer team as well and enjoys this very much his mother says. T was quite active on the play centre this afternoon, especially on the hanging bars showing off his ability to hang upside down. He also displayed his ability to swing on the swings while standing on the swing instead of sitting on it.He is quite a daring child. He was engaging in make-belie ve play acting as though he was doing these stunts for an audience as after each stunt he would get up and bow to the imaginary audience. M was happily swinging on the swing set, petting her dog, doing somersaults in the grass and drawing in the mud with a stick. She has the ability to keep herself busy and is happy to do so. She also enjoyed make-believe play with her brother playing a sword fight. Make-believe play increases in sophistication during the pre-school years (Beer, 2010, p. 318).M used her stick as her â€Å"sword† during the sword fight and as her â€Å"magic wand† later on during the observation. This demonstrates her ability to coordinate her make-believe roles and pretend with less realistic toys (Beer, 2010, p. 318). M and T were both using the play center together happily. M fell off her swing and T went up and hit M for no reason and walked over to K, the family dog. T hugs K quite roughly and says â€Å"You're my mummy bear† and walks away. I have noted on both occasions during these observations that T displays a bit of aggression.According to Freud, play can have a cathartic effect, as children try to rid themselves of traumatic events or negative feelings through play. T asks his mother, â€Å"Mom, do you have to work today? His mother says â€Å"No, not today'. T asks â€Å"Why†? His mother answers, â€Å"Because have the day foot spend time with you and your sister†. T says, â€Å"Okay, I like that†. His language and understanding of language is well formed and has good sentence structure for his stage in development. His has no beech or grammatical issues. He asks â€Å"why† questions and understands the meaning to the answers to simple questions and answers.M told her brother â€Å"l want to be alone†. Her brother did not leave her alone. M turned to him and said, â€Å"l told you, want to be alone†! This demonstrates M's ability to verbalize her feelings and has a so lid awareness of what she is feeling and thinking and is able to share it with others readily. During the sword fight, M said â€Å"you be the sword, I will be the gun†. T did not like this role change and disagreed. M said, â€Å"No! I am the gun, you are the sword†. She continued to e a gun, which seemed to anger T and he started hitting M with his sword. M screamed and T got in trouble with his mother.M was able to assign roles; however was not able to negotiate well, which is usually indicated during the operational stage. On the play center, M was swinging on the swing and T was on the bar hanging upside down beside her. M calls T a â€Å"poppy pants†. T gets off the bar and hits her swing with his sword. M screams. T goes back to the bar. M calls T a â€Å"party pants†. T hits M's swing with the sword again. M screams again and calls out to her mom. Mom ignores this. M continues to all T a â€Å"party pants† repeatedly. T starts hitting M's s wing again, as M is screaming.This goes on for five minutes (timed). Mom finally tells T to stop and tells him that if he hits her swing one more time, his sword will be taken away. M proceeds to call T a â€Å"party pants† again. T hesitates to do anything and looks over at mom who is ignoring the situation. M continues to taunt T. Finally, T hits M's swing and M screams. It's sword is taken away. T asks mom why M is not in trouble for calling him a â€Å"party pants†. Mom does not respond and walks away. M calls T a â€Å"party pants† one last time and leaves the swing. She runs overt mom and gives her a hug and kiss and says â€Å"I love you mommy'.The mother used presentation of punishment to decrease It's undesirable behavior. The warning and punishment had a positive and negative response. The positive response was that the behavior was stopped. The negative response was that only one undesirable behavior was punished and stopped. When parents treat their children differently by directly varying amounts Of discipline to the two children, sibling relations are likely to be more conflicting and less friendly if children view these differences as unfair, which I believe T did by his reaction.I found this to be concerning, considering It's amount of aggression he displays in his make-believe play. M also showed a lack of moral reasoning and did not show that she was not aware of It's feelings. M takes her small Barbie's out her purse and other figurines and groups all the Barbie's together and all the figurines together, which displays the ability to draw appropriate inferences about these objects and shows normal categorization, as with the puzzle she was doing with her mother at the table.M and her brother pretend to hit the family dog with their swords and at times actually hit the dog. They also pretend to cut the dog up with their swords. These behaviors demonstrate animistic thinking believing that their inanimate object (sword) h as lifelike qualities and intentions. According to Pigged, because young children egocentrically assign human purposes to physical events, magical thinking is common during the preschool years, (Beer, 2010, p. 321). Conclusion I enjoyed observing these children very much.I have watched them grow and change over the last three years. I find M very animated and interesting to observe and find T very in touch with his emotions and struggles with them at times. He is very athletic and determined. The reason I chose the children's home environment is because I felt their own surroundings would be a good way to see what their normal daily routines would be and to see how they interact with family members. I found the backyard a bit limiting and would not choose this setting again.Even though I did not find it was a great setting, did manage to collect some good data. As a mother and grandmother, I did find it hard sometimes during these observations not to jump in and say something to the mother when she was ignoring certain behaviors or when her children clearly just needed some attention. So it was hard at times not to interact with the children. However, I knew I had to control that urge as my role was to observe nothing more. I have learned how to observe and evaluate a child in the operational stage.I have learned what milestones to look for and where a child between the ages of 2 to 7 should be developmentally. It gave me a better understanding to physically do the exercise rather than just reading a textbook I see the value in observing two different children, as not all children are alike in development and behavior. Ideally, a different setting for each hill would have been preferred; however this family is moving in a week and their home is full of moving boxes, so I settled for the backyard with both children.

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