Suffering and Death in Africa Essay - 913 Words

In Africa, it is a known fact that many people are suffering from a variety of diseases. Currently, the most common diseases is HIVs/AIDs, which is especially a problem in South-Africa. Almost 68 percent of the people suffering from diseases have HIVs/AIDs. It was recorded that out of 58.03 million people who died globally in 2005, 10.9 million were from Africa. And also that almost 50% the population in Africa lack of access to essential medicines, meaning that people are suffering and dying from the simple lack of materials. While more than 70 percent of HIV infection worldwide is through heterosexual sex, in sub-Saharan Africa the percentage is higher (Jackson 2002). Another way that HIV is transmitted is HIV-infected mother to her†¦show more content†¦But ARVs drugs don’t prevent infection or cure the virus. But they do, however, put a stop to life cycle of the virus, preventing its reproduction and its life cycle. ARVs can reduce the patients viral load to undete ctable levels. But ARVs were unaffordable in Africa until 2001 when an Indian drug company, Cipla, offered to provide a years supply for $350, one-fortieth the cost in countries such as the United States. Although the price of ARVs has fallen dramatically, only a few Africans have access to the drugs. Also not only is it the lack of transportation but also the lack of knowledge that have affected the people. With better knowledge there could be nurses and doctors helping out the people in need. And it is because of the lack of clean medical equipment’s, malnutrition, parasitic infection, poor sanitation, knowledge and lack of transportation that many people are suffering and dying each and every day. An American scientist, Peter Duesberg, stated that the HIVs/AIDS known and recognized in African are no way simile and are completely different from the HIVs/AIDS found in American and European. 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Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission

Question: Discuss about the Shafron V Australian Securities and Investments Commission. Answer: Introduction It was in the year 2012, that a significant clarification of the scope of the duties of the directors of a corporation was provided by the High Court of Australia in the case of Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 (Shafron) (High Court of Australia, 2012). This was the case in which the extent of the responsibility of an individual who has been granted a position of an officer within the meaning of section 9 of the Corporations Act 2001 (CA). Also, it was clearly stated that an individual who has been an officer could undertake dual roles within an organization under section 9 of the Act as per the extent of responsibility which was provided in this case (Scott, 2012). So, in these kinds of cases the dual roles were not able to be departed for the objectives of examining the duty of care and diligence which was owed by the officer under section 180(1) of the Act. So, in this case, Shafron has specifically clarified what all comprises of participation in making a pronouncement for the objectives of the meaning of the word Officer which was stated in s 9(b) (i) of the CA (Sainty Law, 2012). Background and facts of the Case In August 1998, Mr. Shafron i.e. the plaintiff was appointed by Hardie as a general advocate and company secretary (CS) of the corporation. Though, until November 1998 he was not appointed by the corporation as a CS in a formal manner. In November 1999 with the plaintiff, Mr. Donald Cameron was employed as a united CS of Hardie. In February 2001, the board of directors of Hardie had a meeting in order to consider an offer to depart from the James Hardie group two corporations with major asbestos obligations. The Plaintiff was found to have been in contravention of the section 180(1) of the Act by: Failing to recommend the board of directors of Hardie, that some supplementary data in regard to the partition offer would have been revealed to the Australian Stock Exchange, and Failing to recommend the board of directors of Hardie that an actuarial statement on which the board of directors were dependent in bearing in mind the division proposal did not grant for superimposed price rise when a cautious story would have done so (Tam, 2012). Outline the duties/responsibilities breached and explain why the duties were breached. Section 180(1) of the CA, specifically states that directors of an organization must perform their authorities and fulfill their obligations with the due extent of care and diligence that a prudent individual would work out if they were: The directors or officers of an organization in the situations of an organization; and The officers who were engaged in the office which was held by at the same time had the similar tasks within the organization as, the director or officer (DApice and Curran, 2012). Duties of directors which have been defined under section 180(1) of CA connect not only to directors but to the officers in a broad manner. It was established by the Court of Appeal that the plaintiff was an officer on two different basics as; He was the CS of Hardie, and He was an individual who makes, or contributes in making pronouncements that put an impact upon the entire, or a considerable part, of the trade of the organization. On request, the plaintiff disputed that his duties while being in the position of a CS were restricted to the roles of the CS, and did not broaden to his broad counsel roles (Freeman, 2016). The Plaintiff also want to demarcate his roles while being in the position of a CS by disagreeing that they should be associated to the roles of his cooperative CS, Mr. Cameron, whose roles were chiefly managerial. It was further argued by the plaintiff that he was not an individual who contributed in making the verdict in connection to the parting offer, as it was a pronouncement for the board of directors, of which he was not a part. Lastly, the plaintiff stated that if he was a bureaucrat (on either basis), he had, in any occasion, not violated his obligations in connection both the concern relating to the ASX or the actuarial (Australian Institute of Company Directors, 2017). It was clearly observed by the tribunal that it was significantly to be suspicious for the fact that Mr. Shafron being the director of the corporation could have implemented certain roles in a capacity of a CS and other functions like being a general counsel. There was no proof that the plaintiff has performed some tasks in one capacity and other work in another. Because the responsibilities of a specific CS in specific corporations were the matters of fact, proof of the roles of Mr. Cameron did not show that company secretarial functions of the plaintiff were correspondingly administrative (Hickey and Lam, 2015). The tribunal then measured whether, if the functions of Mr. Shafron could be separated, the division would have an effect on the result. It also renowned that section 180(1) (b) of the Act secures the degree of care and diligence by indicating to the office held and the tasks with the organization of the relevant officer (Comino, 2014). It was then that it was concluded by the tribunal that the term responsibilities which was mentioned in section 180(1) (b) have been defined as the real responsibilities of the authentic officer, not simply the statutory tasks of an individual who holds the office of CS. The findings of the Court of Appeal were at this time was agreed by the tribunals which granted a recommendation in connection to the issue of ASX which was within area of responsibility of the plaintiff. Also, the grant of such suggestion which was granted in connection to the actuarial issue was also within the area of responsibility which was imposed upon the plaintiff being in the position of the director (Wotton Kearney, 2012). Consequently, the responsibilities of Mr. Shafron by being in the position of a company secretary of Hardie were broad enough to hold up a judgment that he owed the duties of an officer in carrying out all of those responsibilities. As per the verdict which was given by the Court of Appeal of New South Wales was appealed and as per the Act the plaintiff was found to be in violation of his obligation of care and diligence by: Failing to give an opinion to the other directors on board that the draft ASX statement which was approved by the Board was deceptive; and Failing to give an opinion to the board that the information which was granted by actuarial Consultants i.e. the plaintiff had been preserved on behalf of JHIL, and This granted the foundation for a cash flow form which was measured by the board in connection to the projected reformation of JHIL, did not take into consideration the the price rises (Mire, 2014). Then the plaintiff approached the High Court and put forward his case. The basic reason of his petition was that though he established that section 180(1) of the CA although would be applicable on him as he was a CS. But the violation of section 180(1) which ASIC had suspected against him were alarmed with measures which he made in his competence as general advocate and not as an executive of JHIL. In other words it could be stated that, his function as general counsel and CS was isolatable into jobs which he embarked on as advocate, and then the responsibilities he assumed as CS. The idea which was provided and mentioned above was rejected that the plaintiff could segregate his tasks and competences. To a certain extent, it was concluded by the tribunal that the responsibilities of Mr. Shafron were inseparable and must be observed as an amalgamated completely (Norton Roseful Bright, 2012). So, in order to reach such conclusion it was specifically established that in order to settle on the range of everyday jobs of an official of a corporation, an individual must inspect all of the work which was carried out for that organization by that officer. In specific it was noted by the tribunal that: The capacity of the role of the plaintiff as a CS could not be determined simply by an evaluation to the function of his co-secretary, whose function never developed to be above merely managerial roles. The Plaintiff did not produced any proof which would have verified or suggested that he carried out certain tasks in the capacity of being a CS, while he carried out others in a different capacity of being a counsellor. The designation of general advocate and CS signified specifically that a significant part of the responsibility of the plaintiff was to take the essential ladders to make sure that JHIL have fulfilled with all pertinent lawmaking necessities. Such requirements include those that were applicable to JHIL as a listed corporation, and that this was related to the stipulation of essential recommendation (Konstantinidis, 2012). When a secured guidance from third parties was taken by the plaintiff then put that guidance before the board of directors of JHIL for its utilization, his liabilities did expanded for recognizing the restrictions of the recommendation which was provided by the third party. So, it was established and pronounced by the tribunal that the extent of care and diligence which was mentioned in section 180(1) of the Act was single-minded by observing at the situations of the organization. The section has also included the workplace and liabilities of a director within the organization that the director in subject had. Therefore, it was clearly specified by the tribunal that to what extend the director would be liable and what responsibilities he had within the organization, in spite of how or why those tasks came to be forced on the official. So, the appeal what the dismissed by the tribunal by stating that a person who was a CS with a lawful background would be predictable to raise issue relating to the probable misleading declarations which were there in revelation duties. Also, it was because of the close participation of the plaintiff in the actuary recommendation that the elevating of the restrictions of that recommendation was an accountability that fell within liability of the plaintiff while being in the position of a CS (Austin, Standen, and Reynolds, 2012). Implications The inference of the verdict which was granted in this case had no doubt been the subject of further discussion and investigation. As what was clearly observed in this case was that a CS who was also general advocate would not be able to simply divide his or her work among the capacity of being a general counsel and CS. It was done more or less, when that conduct was being questioned by the request of section 180(1) of the Act. CS with a lawful backdrop should also take into account that they have to not depend on opinion which was founded from third parties, and should make sure that the board was informed of the restrictions that instruction would have (Jacobson, 2012). Conclusion So, at the end it was concluded that the plaintiff had a far-reaching implications for those helping both as officer, within the meaning of section 9 of the CA and other functions. The verdict makes it clear that the two functions were not departed for the objective of the obligation of care and diligence necessities of the CA. The function of an officer enlarges not only to the legislative responsibilities but to the responsibilities which were essentially undertaken by the officer. So, in this case, the plaintiff could not segregate his responsibilities as the CS and as general counsel. Finally the matter reconfirmed that the standard of care in section 180(1) as integrating the actual responsibilities the officer disturbed had within the corporation not just the statutory responsibilities. And, this verdict served as another advice to those who serve on boards which were covered by the CA, that a high standard of care would be required. Similarly a prejudiced knowledge as well as dedicated responsibilities may enlarge this standard further (Boyce, 2012). References Austin, R., Standen, M., and Reynolds, C. (2012) The High Court decides the James Hardie case. [Online] Minter Ellison. Available from: https://www.minterellison.com/files/uploads/Documents/Publications/Alerts/NA_20120509_JamesHardieDecision.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Australian Institute of Company Directors. (2017) Role of the company secretary.[Online] Australian Institute of Company Directors. Available from: https://aicd.companydirectors.com.au/~/media/cd2/resources/director-resources/director-tools/pdf/05446-6-7-duties-directors_role-company-secretary_a4_web.ashx [Accessed on 19/1/17] Boyce, L. (2012) Shafron v ASIC - general counsel, or counsel of perfection?. [Online] Dibbs Barker. Available from: https://www.dibbsbarker.com/publication/Shafron_v_ASIC_-_general_counsel__or_counsel_of_perfection.aspx [Accessed on 19/1/17] Comino, V. (2014) James Hardie And The Problems Of The Australian Civil Penalties Regime, University of New South Wales Law Journal, 37(1), 195- 207. DApice, B and Curran, C. (2012) Company officers Duty of Care obligations for those who have more than one job description. [Online] Charities Not-For-Profits Law. Available from: https://www.charitiesnfplaw.com.au/2012/07/02/duty-of-care-obligations-for-employees-who-have-more-than-one-job-description/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] Freeman, I. (2016) Shafron V Australian Securities And Investments Commission [2012] Hca 18. [Online] Lavan. Available from: https://www.lavan.com.au/advice/corporate_services/james_hardie_when_is_an_in_house_counsel_liable_as_an_officer_of_a_company [Accessed on 19/1/17] Hickey, M, and Lam, V. (2015) Jumping at shadows shadow and de facto directors. [Online] Sparke Helmore Lawyers. Available from: https://www.sparke.com.au/insights/jumping-at-shadows-shadow-and-de-facto-directors/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] High Court of Australia. (2012) Peter James Shafron V Australian Securities And Investments Commission [2012] HCA 18. [Online] High Court of Australia. Available from: https://www.hcourt.gov.au/assets/publications/judgment-summaries/2012/hcasum18_Shafron_v_ASIC.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Jacobson, D. (2012) ASIC V Shafron: Liability Of Company Secretary (James Hardie). [Online] Bright Law. Available from: https://www.brightlaw.com.au/asic-v-shafron-liability-of-company-secretary-james-hardie/ [Accessed on 19/1/17] Konstantinidis, K. (2012) In-house counsel may be exposed to prosecution, disqualification, penalty or payment of legal costs. [Online] Colin Biggers Paisley Lawyers. Available from: https://www.cbp.com.au/publications/2012/august/in-house-counsel-may-be-exposed-to-prosecution,-di [Accessed on 19/1/17] Mire, S.L. (2014) Its not Fair!: The Duty of Fairness and the Corporate Regulator, Sydney Law Review 36(445), 446. Norton Roseful Bright. (2012) The James Hardie Decisions: Australian Securities Investments Commission v Hellicar Ors [2012] HCA17; Shafron v Australian Securities Investments Commission [2012] HCA 18 [Online] Norton Roseful Bright. Available from: https://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/knowledge/publications/66582/the-james-hardie-decisions-australian-securities-investments-commission-v-hellicar-ors-hca17-shaf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Sainty Law. (2012) Shafron v ASIC: take-aways for General Counsel. [Online] Sainty Law. Available from: https://www.saintylaw.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Shafron-Vs-ASIC-takeaway-August-2012.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Scott, P. D. (2012) Shafron v Australian Securities and Investments Commission (2012) 286 ALR 612 , University of Tasmania Law Review 31(2) 155. Tam, K. (2012) The sting for General Counsel in the James Hardie decisions - Shafron v ASIC and ASIC v Hellicar. [Online] Hunt Hunt Lawyers. Available from: https://www.hunthunt.com.au/SiteMedia/w3svc1265/Uploads/Documents/Shafron%20decisionMay2012.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17] Wotton Kearney. (2012) High Court Rules James Hardie Directors Approved Misleading Asx Release. [Online] Wotton Kearney. Available from: https://www.wottonkearney.com.au/downloads/case%20note%20-%20james%20hardie%20directors%20approved%20for%20misleading%20asx%20release.pdf [Accessed on 19/1/17]

Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry

Introduction This report provides credible information pertaining to customer satisfaction that remains a key element that institutions with strong performance orientation should uphold. This is important since customers are major stakeholders who define the level of performance in terms of product turnover and profitability in various institutions. Their role is critical in ensuring the achievement of institutional objectives.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As contained in the report, corporations are currently refocusing their potential in producing quality services and products with an aim of meeting the varying needs of consumers. Indeed, institutions are developing viable operating strategies to foster customer attraction and retention. This is evident in various sectors especially in the hotel industry th at is characterized by stiff competition. Institutions that operate in the sector emphasize on customer satisfaction as a competitive strategy. Customer satisfaction in hotels and restaurants As indicated by Hill Jim (279), customer satisfaction is a key performance driver in the hospitality industry. This explains why most institutions that provide hotel or restaurant services are focusing on providing quality services to consumers. They are keen to providing customized services to consumers in an efficient and timely manner. This helps in attracting and retaining consumers in the sector that has been facing serious challenges that have resulted into stiff competition (Hill Jim 279). Operators in the industry cite hygiene, affordability, quality of service delivery, aromatic meals and variety of food items as influential elements that affect decision making of consumers. They assert that any institution that seeks to record success in the industry must perform credible research t o ascertain customer needs and provide quality services that match the needs with limited complications. Firstly, they must ensure that services are provided under absolute hygiene conditions to guarantee health safety of consumers. That is food items must be prepared under high level of hygiene conditions and in a clean environment. This is essential in preventing attraction of various diseases by customers due to poor health standards. Quality service delivery is also a fundamental element that drives performance in the hotel industry. Hotels and restaurants should ensure that all aspects of quality that entail timely service delivery, excellent product packaging and taste of food are administered effectively (Hill Jim 279). This should be done to guarantee customer satisfaction by ensuring prompt service delivery. Consequently, affordability of food stuff is essential for consumers. This is evident since consumers require quality service delivery at an affordable cost. The cost should be favorable to ensure that consumers are served effectively irrespective of their economic status.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As noted by Novikova (1) achieving high level of performance in the hotel industry is dependent on how well an institution manages its operations. For instance, institutions should provide quality products that are tailor made to meet consumer needs under innovative ideals. They should also adopt conventional operating techniques that foster creativity and effective communication. This explains why innovation, creativity and effective communication are key elements that are crucial in ensuring timely, fair and quality service delivery in the sector. Evidently, gaining competitiveness in hotel industry requires immense creativity. This is vital in facilitating the development of favorable food menu, prices and quality food content that me et consumer expectations (Novikova 3). Conclusion It is imperative to conclude that the provision of satisfactory services to customers in hotel industry requires adherence to consumer needs. This is vital in ensuring the provision of timely services, affordable, quality, well packaged and prepared food items that guarantee consumers’ high value. Works Cited Hill, Nigel Jim, Alexander.  The Handbook of Customer Satisfaction and Loyalty  Measurement. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower, 2006. Print. Novikova, Ksenia.  A Study of Customer Satisfaction Factors and Employee Satisfaction  in the Hospitality Industry. London: Gower, 2009. Print. This report on Report On Customer Satisfaction in the Hotel and Restaurant Industry was written and submitted by user Carlee U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays

Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essays Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Micheal Phelpss Commercial Essay Many companies, nowadays, used many different Ideas to sell and make business. Some companies accomplished their goals by using mass media to advertised commercial and some failed to accomplished their goals because their advertisements was not attractive enough. As for Subways commercial, they used an athlete, Michael Phelps, to build up their product and business. The commercial was well delivered on community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon because the establishment in the commercial influenced people who suspected and loved to be like Michael Phelps wanted to buy Subways products. Michael Phelps Subway commercial expressed community false causes, because they know what they were supposed to state and what would made people who buy their product believe in it. For example, In the commercial they said that to be like Michael Phelps, people have to eat Subway. In the commercial they had Phelps swim In the pool. As In this commercial they used Michael Phelps as ethos, since he Is a well-known athletic and very popular. That would helped Subway made ore customers and business. Moreover, the advertisement used a strong vocal In which it gave the viewers supports and hopes. For example, a strong voice that the audience can connected to or felt it mentally without saying a phrase to them like you can be something you wanted to be by eating Subway! or you can be like your idol if you eat Subway! Subway did a great Job on their commercial on given a false cause that made people think that it might be true and wanted to engage deeply with it. In addition, Subway made the commercial as an appeal to emotion because they dad the advertisement targeted on the parents. The commercial targeted the parent by saying that if they wanted to be a good parent, they have to buy their kids Subway. The commercial used Michael Phelps mother as a good parent who loved and made her kids being success by eating at Subway. That showed pathos because It made the parents felt bad and wanted to buy their kids subway. As a result, Subway made its commercial targeted the parents which was a very successful idea, because every parent wanted their kids to be successful like Michael Phelps. The immemorial also showed a bandwagon fallacy, because Michael Phelps stated that eating Subway has athlete everywhere. By stating athlete everywhere created a bandwagon fallacy because the commercial appealed to popularity and used the show as a form of validation. Also, that would affect athletes or viewer who were in the same field like Phelps. On the other hand, they were smart because they knew what they had stated were considered a fallacy but they still put it in a form of validation. In that case, things seemed like they were true and very influential. Furthermore, they played on a dynamic music when Phelps was swimming. The dramatic music would motivate the viewers when they watched the commercial, Decease It would make teen Tell Like teen were apart It t T . I mace ten announce Tell like they were in a competitive game or the champion of the year competition. In addition, they made extra sound effect in the background where the water splashed very hard, which expressed that eating Subway will make the viewers as strong and fast as Michael Phelps. At the end of the commercial they officially showed the antacid and gave information about the size of it. For example, the man said, Its a five foot long and that showed logos, because it stated the number or size of the sandwiches to the audience. Also, he told what kind of ingredients were in the sandwiches such as bacon, turkey, avocado, and extra Jalapeà ±o. They included the Phelps family in the advertisement and reported that, Subway is the official training of the Phelps family. The last background was made blue and a timing machine, which mean they wanted the audience to see that they can beat the time by eating Subway. Correspondingly, they wanted the people who watch the commercial to pay more attention to the Phelps family and the message they were giving out. Inventing a business is not simple but by using many techniques such as community false causes, appeal to emotion, and bandwagon, would attract more customers. Together with, they used pathos, ethos, and logos as the key for the companys commercials. Michael Phelps commercial made a good influence on athletes. Subway made the commercial expressed how healthy the sandwiches were and how strong people would be if they ate Subway like Michael Phelps.

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project Essay

Project Cost Management and Control - Term Project - Essay Example 8% range for 30-year mortgages, possibly even higher, on or near the second quarter of 2008, so by seeing this situation we have to plan in such a way that the overall project gets a success. The basic aim of this section is to estimate the project cost for the overall project activities. I have decided to divide the project into different section and then estimate each sub task. As I have researched about this way of estimating turns out to be more effective and accurate. My basic aim is to divide the project to root level and estimate the each sub task of this project In this process of estimation I have tried to streamline each aspect of the home construction and incorporate each vital task so that the overall estimation turns out to be accurate. I have estimated the cost $ 25100. An order of magnitude estimates for this project as I have accessed is $ 26000 is approximately. Now we can apply for loan in a couple of local banks to pre-qualify us for the loan(s) we shall need for the project. Now I will present the task responsibility matrix for the overall project activities. Here I will present the main team members name and their responsibilities regarding the project activities. I have accessed these activities from the WBS. Now in this section I will present the Gantt chart of this project. I have used MS Project for this purpose. MS Project is project management tool for different project management activities. I have allocated estimated time to each project activity and ensured that each task have enough time for overall completion of that task. This house is selling for $230,000 and the land costs $30,000, then the construction cost is around $200,000. The home is 2,000 square feet, and then the cost per square foot is $100. This house has kitchen, two bed rooms, a lawn and total 5 rooms. This house is selling for $100,000 and the land costs $50,000, then the construction cost is around $150,000. The home is 5000 square feet, and then the cost per

Sicail Media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sicail Media - Essay Example Easily accessible information help in the management of disasters because it alerts citizens of an impending disaster even in remote regions; hence, warn them (Foundation, 2014). For example, locals of predictable tsunami zones can access the information not only from the media houses, but also through diversified sources including the internet. Easily obtainable information is prone to theft. For example, a person may use information from other sources to benefit from it by claiming to be the publisher or editor. Management of easily accessible information is compromised by the fact that classified information cannot be passed on safely, which further give rise to the insecure nature of such information (Ugah, 2008). Immorality is mildly spread by easily accessible information because everyone can access depraved information including the under age (Schleifer, 2014). Remarkably, easily accessible information may mislead the audience because such sources are always attributed to inaccuracy of the facts surrounding an issue (Monahan, 2010). Additionally, easy information accessibility poses a huge threat to the online banking services because of possible cybercrimes leading to massive loss of money. Social media forms an important aspect of communication because it enable easy and readily available medium of communication among individuals. Additionally, it provides a forum where an individual can inform his/her family members as well as friends through mass messages on upcoming events such as weddings (Stokes, 2003). Social media forms a virtue-meeting platform where individuals from various corners of the world can share ideas. Social media platforms such as Linked In have become a valuable business tool where individuals’ stands a chance to secure a job from top managers in various companies through endorsements. Furthermore, companies leap the e of social media for effective promotion and advertisement of their products (nibusinessinfo.co.uk,

Policy of Containment Essay Example for Free

Policy of Containment Essay Americans believe that if Franklin D. Roosevelt would have lived longer, that he would have been able to stem the tide of tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States. His successor lacked greatly the Talent of FDR. The new president, who was more comfortable with machine politicians than with polished New Dealers, liked to talk tough and act defiantly. Truman complained that the U.S. Negotiations had been a one way street just ten days after he took office. He then vowed to not baby the Soviet no longer. A crisis in the Mediterranean prompted President Truman to show his colors. On February 21, 1947, amid a civil war in Greece, Great Britain informed the U.S. State Department that it could no longer afford to prop up the anti-Communist government there and announced its intention to withdraw all aid. Truman concluded, Greece, Turkey, and perhaps the entire oil-rich Middle East would fall under Soviet control, without U.S. Intervention. On March 12, 1947, the President made his argument before Congress in bold terms: At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished be free institutionsand freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed on the majority And the suppression of personal freedoms. Never mentioning the Soviet Union by name, he appealed for all-out resistance to a certain ideology wherever it appeared in the world. The preservation of peace and the freedom of all Americans depended, the president insisted, on containing communism. Congress approved a $400 million appropriation in aid for Greece and Turkey, which helped the monarchy and right-wing military crush the rebel movement. Trumans victory buoyed his popularity for the upcoming 1948 election. It also helped to generate popular support for a campaign against communism, both at home and abroad. The significance of what became known as the Truman Doctrine far outlasted  the events in the Mediterranean: the United States had declared its right to intervene to save other nations from communism. As early as February 1946, foreign-policy adviser George F. Kennan had sent an 8,000-word long telegram to the State Department insisting that Soviet fanaticism made cooperation impossible. The USSR intended to extend its realm not by military means alone, he explained, but by subversion within free nations. The Truman Doctrine described the differences between the United States and the Soviet Union as absolute and irreconcilable, as an ideological breach that resonated far beyond foreign policy. It was now the responsibility of the United States, Truman insisted to safeguard the Free World by diplomatic, economic, and, if necessary, military means. He had, in sum, fused anti communism and internationalism into an aggressive foreign policy. The Truman Doctrine complemented the European Recovery Program, commonly known as the Marshall Plan. On June 5, 1947 the plan was introduced in a commencement speech at Harvard University by secretary of state and former army chief of staff George C. Marshall. The plan sought to reduce hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos and to restore the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. Although Marshall added that our policy is directed not against any country or doctrine, the plan that bore his name additionally aimed to turn back both socialist and Communist electoral bids for power in northern and western Europe while promoting democracy through an economic renewal. The most successful postwar U.S. Diplomatic venture, the Marshall Plan supplemented the Bretton Woods agreements by further improving the climate for a viable capitalist economy, in western Europe and in effect bringing recipients of aid into a bilateral agreement with the United States. Western Europe nations, seventeen in all, ratified the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which reduced commercial barriers among member nations and opened all to U.S. Trade and investment. The plan was costly to Americans, in its initial year taking 12 percent of the federal budget, but effective. Industrial production in the European nations covered by the plan rose by  200 percent between 1947 and 1952. Although deflationary programs cut wages and increased unemployment, profits soared and the standard of living improved. Supplemented by a multimedia propaganda campaign, the Marshall Plan introduced many Europeans to American consumer goods and lifestyles. The Marshall Plan drove a deeper wedge between the United States and the Soviet Union. Stalin was invited to participate but he denounced the plan for what it was, an American scheme to rebuild Germany and to incorporate it into and anti-Soviet bloc that encompassed all western Europe. The president readily acknowledged that the Marshall Plan and the Truman Doctrine were two halves of the same walnut. The policy of containment depended on the ability of the United States to back up its commitments through military means, and Truman invested his faith in the U.S. Monopoly of atomic weapons. The U.S began to build atomic stockpiles and to conduct tests on the Bikini Islands in the Pacific. By 1950, as a scientific adviser observed, the U.S. Has a stockpile capable of somewhat more than reproducing World War II in a single day. The U.S. Military analysts estimated it would take the Soviet Union three to ten years to produce an atomic bomb. In August 1949, the Soviet Union proved them wrong by testing its own atomic bomb. There is only one thing worse than one nation having the atomic bomb, Noble prize-winning scientist Harold C. Urey said, thats two nations having it. The United States and Soviet Union were now firmly locked into the Cold War. The nuclear arms race imperiled their futures, diverted their economies, and fostered fears of impending doom. Prospects for global peace had dissipated, and despite the Allied victory in World War II, the world had again divided into hostile camps.